Machine generated contents note: pt. I ... Introduction to Developmental Psychology -- ch. 1 Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies -- Introduction to Developmental Psychology -- What Is Development? -- Research Strategies: Basic Methods and Designs -- Research Methods in Child and Adolescent Development -- Detecting Relationships: Correlational, Experimental, and Cross-Cultural Designs -- Focus on Research A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Gender Roles -- Research Strategies and Studying Development -- Research Designs for Studying Development -- Ethical Considerations in Developmental Research -- Applying Research to Your Life Becoming a Wise Consumer of Developmental Research -- Themes in the Study of Human Development -- The Nature/Nurture Theme -- The Active/Passive Theme -- The Continuity/Discontinuity Issue -- The Holistic Nature of Development Theme -- Summary -- ch. 1 Practice Quiz -- Key Terms -- Media Resources -- Read MoreContents note continued: pt. II Biological ... Foundations of Development -- ch. 2 Hereditary Influences on Development -- Principles of Hereditary Transmission -- The Genetic Material -- Growth of the Zygote and Production of Body Cells -- The Germ (or Sex) Cells -- Multiple Births -- Male or Female? -- Focus on Research Crossing-Over and Chromosome Segregation During Meiosis -- What Do Genes Do? -- How Are Genes Expressed? -- Applying Research to Your Life Examples of Dominant and Recessive Traits in Human Heredity -- Hereditary Disorders -- Chromosomal Abnormalities -- Genetic Abnormalities -- Predicting, Detecting, and Treating Hereditary Disorders -- Detecting Hereditary Disorders -- Treating Hereditary Disorders -- Applying Research to Your Life Ethical Issues Surrounding Treatments for Hereditary Disorders -- Hereditary Influences on Behavior -- Behavioral Genetics -- Theories of Heredity and Environment Interactions in Development -- Read MoreContents note continued: Contributions and ... Criticisms of the Behavioral Genetics Approach -- The Ethological and Evolutionary Viewpoints -- Assumptions of Classical Ethology -- Ethology and Human Development -- Modern Evolutionary Theory -- Contributions and Criticisms of Ethological and Evolutionary Viewpoints -- Applying Developmental Themes to Hereditary Influences on Development -- Summary -- ch. 2 Practice Quiz -- Key Terms -- Media Resources -- ch. 3 Prenatal Development and Birth -- From Conception to Birth -- The Period of the Zygote -- The Period of the Embryo -- The Period of the Fetus -- Potential Problems in Prenatal Development -- Teratogens -- Characteristics of the Pregnant Woman -- Prevention of Birth Defects -- Birth and the Perinatal Environment -- The Birth Process -- The Baby's Experience -- Labor and Delivery Medications -- The Social Environment Surrounding Birth -- Applying Research to Your Life Cultural and Historical Variations in Birthing Practices -- Read MoreContents note continued: Potential Problems at ... Birth -- Anoxia -- Prematurity and Low Birth Weight -- Reproductive Risk and Capacity for Recovery -- Applying Developmental Themes to Prenatal Development and Birth -- Summary -- ch. 4 Practice Quiz -- Key Terms -- Media Resources -- ch. 4 Infancy -- The Newborn's Readiness for Life -- Newborn Reflexes -- Infant States -- Developmental Changes in Infant States -- Applying Research to Your Life Sudden Infant Death Syndrome -- Research Methods Used to Study the Infant's Sensory and Perceptual Experiences -- The Preference Method -- The Habituation Method -- The Method of Evoked Potentials -- The High-Amplitude Sucking Method -- Infant Sensory Capabilities -- Hearing -- Focus on Research Causes and Consequences of Hearing Loss -- Taste and Smell -- Touch, Temperature, and Pain -- Vision -- Visual Perception in Infancy -- Perception of Patterns and Forms -- Perception of Three-Dimensional Space -- Intermodal Perception -- Read MoreContents note continued: Are the Senses Integrated ... at Birth? -- Development of Intermodal Perception -- Explaining Intermodal Perception -- Cultural Influences on Infant Perception -- Basic Learning Processes in Infancy -- Habituation: Early Evidence of Information Processing and Memory -- Classical Conditioning -- Operant Conditioning -- Newborn Imitation or Observational Learning -- Focus on Research An Example of Observational Learning -- Applying Developmental Themes to Infant Development, Perception, and Learning -- Summary -- ch. 4 Practice Quiz -- Key Terms -- Media Resources -- ch. 5 Physical Development: The Brain, Body, Motor Skills, and Sexual Development -- An Overview of Maturation and Growth -- Changes in Height and Weight -- Changes in Body Proportions -- Skeletal Development -- Muscular Development -- Variations in Physical Development -- Development of the Brain -- Neural Development and Plasticity -- Brain Differentiation and Growth -- Motor Development -- Read MoreContents note continued: Basic Trends in Locomotor ... Development -- Fine Motor Development -- Psychological Implications of Early Motor Development -- Beyond Infancy: Motor Development in Childhood and Adolescence -- Focus on Research Sports Participation and Self-Esteem Among Adolescent Females -- Puberty: The Physical Transition from Child to Adult -- The Adolescent Growth Spurt -- Sexual Maturation -- Causes and Correlates of Physical Development -- Biological Mechanisms -- Environmental Influences -- Applying Developmental Themes to Physical Development -- Summary -- ch. 5 Practice Quiz -- Key Terms -- Media Resources -- pt. III Cognitive Development -- ch. 6 Cognitive Development: Piaget's Theory and Vygotsky's Sociocultural Viewpoint -- Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development -- What Is Intelligence? -- How We Gain Knowledge: Cognitive Schemes and Cognitive Processes -- Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development -- The Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 Years) -- Read MoreContents note continued: The Preoperational Stage ... (2 to 7 Years) and the Emergence of Symbolic Thought -- Applying Research to Your Life Cognitive Development and Children's Humor -- The Concrete-Operational Stage (7 to 11 Years) -- The Formal-Operational Stage (11 to 12 Years and Beyond) -- Focus on Research Children's Responses to a Hypothetical Proposition -- An Evaluation of Piaget's Theory -- Piaget's Contributions -- Focus on Research Evaluating Piaget Through a Cross-Cultural Lens -- Challenges to Piaget -- Vygotsky's Sociocultural Perspective -- The Role of Culture in Intellectual Development -- The Social Origins of Early Cognitive Competencies and the Zone of Proximal Development -- Implications for Education -- The Role of Language in Cognitive Development -- Vygotsky in Perspective: Summary and Evaluation -- Applying Developmental Themes to Piaget's and Vygotsky's Theories -- Summary -- ch. 6 Practice Quiz -- Key Terms -- Media Resources -- Read MoreContents note continued: ch. 7 Cognitive ... Development: Information-Processing Perspectives -- The Multistore Model -- Development of the Multistore Model -- Developmental Differences in "Hardware": Information-Processing Capacity -- Developmental Differences in "Software": Strategies and What Children Know About "Thinking" -- Development of Attention -- Development of Memory: Retaining and Retrieving Information -- The Development of Event and Autobiographical Memory -- Applying Research to Your Life What Happened to Our Early Childhood Memories? -- The Development of Memory Strategies -- Development of Other Cognitive Skills -- Analogical Reasoning -- Arithmetic Skills -- Evaluating the Information-Processing Perspective -- Applying Developmental Themes to Information-Processing Perspectives -- Summary -- ch. 7 Practice Quiz -- Key Terms -- Media Resources -- ch. 8 Intelligence: Measuring Mental Performance -- What Is Intelligence? -- Psychometric Views of Intelligence -- Read MoreContents note continued: A Modern ... Information-Processing Viewpoint -- Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences -- How Is Intelligence Measured? -- The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale -- The Wechsler Scales -- Group Tests of Mental Performance -- Newer Approaches to Intelligence Testing -- Assessing Infant Intelligence -- Stability of IQ in Childhood and Adolescence -- What Do Intelligence Tests Predict? -- IQ as a Predictor of Scholastic Achievement -- IQ as a Predictor of Vocational Outcomes -- IQ as a Predictor of Health, Adjustment, and Life Satisfaction -- Factors That Influence IQ Scores -- The Evidence for Heredity -- The Evidence for Environment -- The Evidence for the Transaction of Heredity and Environment -- Social and Cultural Influences on Intellectual Performance -- Social-Class and Ethnic Differences in IQ -- Focus on Research Do Socioeconomic Differences Explain Ethnic Differences in IQ? -- Improving Cognitive Performance Through Compensatory Education -- Read MoreContents note continued: Long-Term Follow-Ups -- ... The Importance of Parental Involvement -- The Importance of Intervening Early -- Creativity and Special Talents -- What Is Creativity? -- Applying Developmental Themes to Intelligence and Creativity -- Summary -- ch. 8 Practice Quiz -- Key Terms -- Media Resources -- ch. 9 Development of Language and Communication Skills -- Five Components of Language -- Phonology -- Morphology -- Semantics -- Syntax -- Pragmatics -- Theories of Language Development -- The Learning (or Empiricist) Perspective -- The Nativist Perspective -- Focus on Research On the "Invention" of Language by Children -- The Interactionist Perspective -- The Prelinguistic Period: Before Language -- Early Reactions to Speech -- The Importance of Intonational Cues -- Producing Sounds: The Infant's Prelinguistic Vocalizations -- What Do Prelinguistic Infants Know about Language and Communication? -- The Holophrase Period: One Word at a Time -- Read MoreContents note continued: Early Semantics: Building ... a Vocabulary -- Attaching Meaning to Words -- When a Word Is More Than a Word -- The Telegraphic Period: From Holophrases to Simple Sentences -- A Semantic Analysis of Telegraphic Speech -- The Pragmatics of Early Speech -- Applying Research to Your Life Learning a Gestural Language -- Language Learning during the Preschool Period -- Development of Grammatical Morphemes -- Mastering Transformational Rules -- Semantic Development -- Development of Pragmatics and Communication Skills -- Language Learning During Middle Childhood and Adolescence -- Later Syntactic Development -- Semantics and Metalinguistic Awareness -- Further Development of Communication Skills -- Bilingualism: Challenges and Consequences of Learning Two Languages -- Applying Developmental Themes to Language Acquisition -- Summary -- ch. 9 Practice Quiz -- Key Terms -- Media Resources -- pt. IV Social and Personality Development -- Read MoreContents note continued: ch. 10 Emotional ... Development, Temperament, and Attachment -- Emotional Development -- Displaying Emotions: The Development (and Control) of Emotional Expressions -- Recognizing and Interpreting Emotions -- Emotions and Early Social Development -- Focus on Research Assessing Emotional Competence in Young Children -- Temperament and Development -- Hereditary and Environmental Influences on Temperament -- Stability of Temperament -- Attachment and Development -- Attachments as Reciprocal Relationships -- How Do Infants Become Attached? -- Applying Research to Your Life Combating Stranger Anxiety: Some Helpful Hints for Caregivers, Doctors, and Child-Care Professionals -- Individual Differences in Attachment Quality -- Fathers as Caregivers -- Factors That Influence Attachment Security -- Attachment and Later Development -- Applying Developmental Themes to Emotional Development, Temperament, and Attachment -- Summary -- ch. 10 Practice Quiz -- Key Terms -- Read MoreContents note continued: Media Resources -- ch. 11 ... Development of the Self-Concept -- How the Self-Concept Develops -- Self-Differentiation in Infancy -- Self-Recognition in Infancy -- "Who Am I?" Responses of Preschool Children -- Conceptions of Self in Middle Childhood and Adolescence -- Cultural Influences on the Self-Concept -- Self-Esteem: The Evaluative Component of Self -- Origins and Development of Self-Esteem -- Social Contributors to Self-Esteem -- Development of Achievement Motivation and Academic Self-Concepts -- Early Origins of Achievement Motivation -- Achievement Motivation During Middle Childhood and Adolescence -- Beyond Achievement Motivation: Development of Achievement Attributions -- Applying Research to Your Life Helping the Helpless Achieve -- Who Am I to Be? Forging an Identity -- Developmental Trends in Identity Formation -- How Painful Is Identity Formation? -- Influences on Identity Formation -- Identity Formation Among Minority Youth -- Read MoreContents note continued: The Other Side of Social ... Cognition: Knowing About Others -- Age Trends in Person Perception -- Applying Research To Your Life Racial Categorization and Racism in Young Children -- Theories of Social-Cognitive Development -- Applying Developmental Themes to the Development of the Self and Social Cognition -- Summary -- ch. 11 Practice Quiz -- Key Terms -- Media Resources -- ch. 12 Sex Differences and Gender-Role Development -- Defining Sex and Gender -- Categorizing Males and Females: Gender-Role Standards -- Some Facts and Fictions About Sex Differences -- Actual Psychological Differences Between the Sexes -- Cultural Myths -- Do Cultural Myths Contribute to Sex Differences in Ability (and Vocational Opportunity)? -- Developmental Trends in Gender Typing -- Development of the Gender Concept -- Development of Gender-Role Stereotypes -- Development of Gender-Typed Behavior -- Theories of Gender Typing and Gender-Role Development -- Evolutionary Theory -- Read MoreContents note continued: Money and Ehrhardt's ... Biosocial Theory of Gender Differentiation and Development -- Focus on Research Is Biology Destiny? Sex Assignment Catastrophes -- A Psychobiosocial Viewpoint -- Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory -- Social Learning Theory -- Kohlberg's Cognitive-Developmental Theory -- Gender Schema Theory -- An Integrative Theory -- Applications: On Changing Gender-Role Attitudes and Behavior -- Applying Developmental Themes to Sex Differences and Gender-Role Development -- Summary -- ch. 12 Practice Quiz -- Key Terms -- Media Resources -- ch. 13 Aggression, Altruism, and Moral Development -- The Development of Aggression -- Origins of Aggression in Infancy -- Developmental Trends in Aggression -- Individual Differences in Aggressive Behavior -- Cultural and Subcultural Influences on Aggression -- Coercive Home Environments: Breeding Grounds for Aggression -- Applying Research To Your Life Methods of Controlling Aggression in Young Children -- Read MoreContents note continued: Altruism: Development of ... the Prosocial Self -- Origins of Altruism -- Developmental Trends in Altruism -- Sex Differences in Altruism -- Social-Cognitive and Affective Contributors to Altruism -- Cultural and Social Influences on Altruism -- Who Raises Altruistic Children? -- Moral Development: Affective, Cognitive, and Behavioral Components -- How Developmentalists Look at Morality -- The Affective Component of Moral Development -- The Cognitive Component of Moral Development -- The Behavioral Component of Moral Development -- Applying Research to Your Life How Should I Discipline My Children? -- Applying Developmental Themes to the Development of Aggression, Altruism, and Morality -- Summary -- ch. 13 Practice Quiz -- Key Terms -- Media Resources -- pt. V The Context of Development -- ch. 14 The Context of Development I: The Family -- The Ecological Systems Viewpoint -- Bronfenbrenner's Contexts for Development -- Understanding the Family -- Read MoreContents note continued: The Family as a Social ... System -- Families Are Developing Systems -- Conclusions About Understanding Families -- Parental Socialization During Childhood and Adolescence -- Two Major Dimensions of Parenting -- Four Patterns of Parenting -- Focus on Research Parenting Styles and Developmental Outcomes -- Applying Research To Your Life Renegotiating the Parent-Child Relationship During Adolescence -- Social Class and Ethnic Variations in Child Rearing -- Focus on Research Developmental Surprises from Affluent Parents -- The Influence of Siblings and Sibling Relationships -- Changes in the Family Systems When a New Baby Arrives -- Sibling Relationships over the Course of Childhood -- Positive Contributions of Sibling Relationships -- Diversity in Family Life -- Adoptive Families -- Donor Insemination (DI) Families -- Gay and Lesbian Families -- Family Conflict and Divorce -- Applying Developmental Themes to Family Life, Parenting, and Siblings -- Summary -- Read MoreContents note continued: ch. 14 Practice Quiz -- ... Key Terms -- Media Resources -- ch. 15 The Context of Development II: Peers, Schools, and Technology -- Peers as Agents of Socialization -- Who Is a Peer, and What Functions Do Peers Serve? -- The Development of Peer Sociability -- Peer Acceptance and Popularity -- School as a Socialization Agent -- Schooling and Cognitive Development -- Applying Research To Your Life Should Preschoolers Attend School? -- Determinants of Effective Schooling -- Education and Developmental Transitions -- The Effects of Television on Child Development -- Development of Television Literacy -- Focus on Research Do The Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Promote Children's Aggression? -- Some Potentially Undesirable Effects of Television -- Television as an Educational Tool -- Child Development in the Digital Age -- Computers in the Classroom -- Beyond the Classroom: Benefits of Internet Exposure -- Concerns About Computers -- Read MoreContents note continued: Final Thoughts on the ... Context of Development -- Applying Developmental Themes to the Context of Development -- Summary -- ch. 15 Practice Quiz -- Key Terms -- Media Resources. Read More |
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